Composition of Cicer soongaricum seeds

The legume, Cicer soongaricum grows wild in high altitude regions of the Himalayas. The seeds are nutritionally rich, containing 19.1% protein, 44.5% starch, 7.2% oil and 3.4% minerals. Glutelin has been found to be the major protein fraction (43.7%) whereas albumin, globulin and prolamin are 11.5, 14.3 and 6.6%, respectively. The oil contains 29.8% phospholipids, wherein palmitic (30.0%), stearic (32.4%) and linolenic acids (13.6%) are the major fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction has an appreciable content of phosphatidyl choline (1.0% in the seed) which is higher than in soya bean, presently the commercial source of its manufacture.     

遗传性共济失调病人红细胞乙酰胆碱／胆碱的研究

本文应用乙酰胆碱敏感的离子选择微电极,对遗传性共济失调病人的红细胞内乙酰胆碱/胆碱活度进行了检测发现:遗传性共济失调病人的红细胞内乙酰胆碱/胆碱活度为109.4±24.3×10~(-6)mol/L(N=30),正常人红细胞内乙酰胆碱/胆碱值为24.7±10.7×10~(-6)mol/L(N=141),两者经统计学处理有明显差异,病人组是正常人对照组的4.5倍(P<0.05)。这可能和该病的发病基理有着密切的联系。     

Gut Microbiota and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Insights on Mechanism and Application of Metabolomics

Gut microbiota are intricately involved in the development of obesity-related metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. In the current review, we discuss the role of gut microbiota in the development of NAFLD by focusing on the mechanisms of gut microbiota-mediated host energy metabolism, insulin resistance, regulation of bile acids and choline metabolism, as well as gut microbiota-targeted therapy. We also discuss the application of a metabolomic approach to characterize gut microbial metabotypes in NAFLD.     

Insight into the inhibition of human choline kinase: homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations

A homology model of human choline kinase (CK-alpha) based on the X-ray crystallographic structure of C. elegans choline kinase (CKA-2) is presented. Molecular dynamics simulations performed on CK-alpha confirm the quality of the model, and also support the putative ATP and choline binding sites. A good correlation between the MD results and reported CKA-2 mutagenesis assays has been found for the main residues involved in catalytic activity. Preliminary docking studies performed on the CK-alpha model indicate that inhibitors can bind to the binding sites of both substrates (ATP and choline). A possible reason for inhibition of choline kinase by Ca(2+) ion is also proposed.     

胆碱代谢PET显像的临床应用

2—^18F—2—脱氧—D—葡萄糖(FDG)是一种常用的肿瘤正电子显像剂，但在鉴别诊断肿瘤时，很难区分炎症和肿瘤病灶，可能造成肿瘤诊断的假阳性结果。胆碱代谢正电子发射断层(PET)显像能够弥补FDG某些不足。已用于各类肿瘤的鉴别诊断，特别在前列腺癌、脑瘤和膀胱癌的鉴别诊断方面明显优于FDG PET。本文对胆碱代谢PET显像的基本原理、常用正电子显像剂及其临床应用进行了概述。     

Effect of dietary rumen-protected choline on milk production of dairy cows: A meta-analysis

Research studies presented inconsistent results on the effects and action of choline in dairy cow diets. A meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of dietary rumen-protected choline on production characteristics of dairy cows. Dry matter intake (kg/d), milk yield (kg/d), milk fat (% and kg/d), and milk protein (% and kg/d) were evaluated as dependent variables in models. The number of treatment means varied from 20 obtained in 7 studies for milk fat and protein contents to 34 from 11 studies (12 experiments) for milk yield. Accounting for experiment as a random effect, DMI, milk yield, milk protein content, and milk protein yield could adequately be related to levels of dietary rumen-protected choline chloride by a logistic model. Marginal responses in milk yield decreased from 131.5 to 0.037 g of milk/g of dietary rumen-protected choline chloride when supplementation increased from 6 to 50 g/d. From estimated values for the metabolizable Met supplied by diets, it appears that dietary rumen-protected choline chloride functions as a methyl donor to spare Met for milk protein synthesis. However, more accurate input data on Met status of diets are needed to confirm this. Within the range of 6 to 50 g/d of rumen-protected choline chloride, milk fat content decreased linearly at a rate of 0.00339% for a 1 g/d increase in dietary rumen-protected choline chloride. This illustrates that dietary rumen-protected choline chloride has no effect on milk fat content. Numerous physiological and dietary factors probably related to responses obtained with dietary rumen-protected choline supplementation, and the precise mechanism of choline action in the lactating dairy cow warrants further investigation.     

微波水解/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速 测定乳粉中的胆碱和左旋肉碱

目的利用微波消解技术对乳粉样品进行水解,释放结合态的胆碱和左旋肉碱,优化乳粉中胆碱和左旋肉碱的微波水解快速提取方法以及超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测的条件参数。方法乳粉样品用温水复溶后,取适量样品加入1.5 mol/L的盐酸溶液,100℃微波消解10 min后调节pH至中性,稀释后以HSS T3 UPLC色谱柱和0.1%甲酸水溶液(V:V)-乙腈进行梯度洗脱分离,以串联质谱的多反应监测模式检测,内标法定量。结果方法线性范围1.00~500μg/L,相关系数(r~2)0.998以上,胆碱和左旋肉碱定量限分别为0.24mg/100 g和0.63 mg/100 g,3个添加水平的回收率分别为93.6%~102%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~4.0%。日间精密度分别为2.7%和4.1%。结论本方法分析速度快、灵敏度高、重复性好,与现有技术对比,该方法通过微波技术辅助水解,缩短了样品处理的时间,适用于乳粉中的胆碱和左旋肉碱的检测。     

Signal‐On Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors Based on CdS–Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite for the Sensitive Detection of Choline and Acetylcholine

This work describes for the first time signal‐on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) enzyme biosensors based on cadmium sulfide nanocrystals (CdS NCs) formed in situ on the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNT–CdS can react with H₂O₂ to generate strong and stable ECL emission in neutral solution. Compared with pure CdS NCs, the MWCNT–CdS can enhance the ECL intensity by 5.3‐fold and move the onset ECL potential more positively for about 400 mV, which reduces H₂O₂ decomposition at the electrode surface and increases detection sensitivity of H₂O₂. Furthermore, the ECL intensity is less influenced by the presence of oxygen in solution. Benefiting from these properties, signal‐on enzyme‐based biosensors are fabricated by cross‐linking choline oxidase and/or acetylcholine esterase with glutaraldehyde on MWCNT–CdS modified electrodes for detection of choline and acetylcholine. The resulting ECL biosensors show wide linear ranges from 1.7 to 332 µM and 3.3 to 216 µM with lower detection limit of 0.8 and 1.7 µM for choline and acetylcholine, respectively. The common interferents such as ascorbic acid and uric acid in electrochemical enzyme‐based biosensors do not interfere with the ECL detection of choline and acetylcholine. Furthermore, both ECL biosensors possess satisfying reproducibility and acceptable stability.